Where Units Come From

Why there is no default unit

A count column arrives as a column of numbers. It may hold instantaneous head counts (how many anglers were present at one moment) or effort the caller has already expanded to the day. The two look identical. example_counts, used in several examples, is the second kind: its effort_hours column is daily effort, not a head count.

If tidycreel assumed one of them, it would print a confident unit on a number that may be in the other. A wrong label is worse than none, because nothing downstream would question it. So the package asserts a unit only where it can see why the unit is true.

The count side

An instantaneous count becomes effort when it is multiplied by the length of the period it was randomised within, \(T_d\) (the fishing day, or the shift). A count of 12 anglers on a 14-hour day is \(12 \times 14 = 168\) angler-hours. add_counts() does that multiplication when it is given period_length_col, and only then does the design record its effort as angler-hours.

example_season_counts holds one instantaneous count per sampled day and the day’s length:

head(example_season_counts, 3)
#>         date day_type total_anglers daylight_hours
#> 1 2024-05-06  weekday             5             14
#> 2 2024-05-07  weekday             5             14
#> 3 2024-05-09  weekday             9             14

design <- creel_design(example_season_calendar, date = date, strata = day_type)
with_td <- add_counts(design, example_season_counts,
  period_length_col = daylight_hours
)
estimate_effort(with_td)
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Total
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Effort target: sampled_days
#> Unit: angler-hours
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 7
#>   estimate    se se_between se_within ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl> <dbl>      <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1     3066  386.       386.         0    2282.    3850.    36

The effort is in angler-hours because the package multiplied each count by its daylight_hours.

Leave the period length out, and the same counts are summed as they stand:

without_td <- add_counts(design, example_season_counts,
  count_col = total_anglers
)
effort_no_td <- estimate_effort(without_td)
#> Warning: Instantaneous counts were expanded without a period length.
#> ℹ No `period_length_col` was supplied to `add_counts()`, so the estimate is the
#>   count column summed over days.
#> ! If that column holds an instantaneous angler count, the result is in
#>   angler-days, not angler-hours.
#> ℹ Supply the period each count was randomised within: `add_counts(design,
#>   counts, period_length_col = <col>)`.
#> ℹ Repeats on this design are recorded, not printed: see `get_warnings()`.
effort_no_td
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Total
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Effort target: sampled_days
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 7
#>   estimate    se se_between se_within ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl> <dbl>      <dbl>     <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1      219  27.6       27.6         0     163.     275.    36
effort_no_td$unit
#> [1] NA

The printout has no Unit: line, because the unit is NA, and the estimate is 219 rather than 3,066. Every day in these data is 14 hours long, so the two differ by exactly that factor. The warning says what happened: the counts were expanded without a period length. The package does not know whether total_anglers was a head count (in which case the answer is missing its \(T_d\)) or effort already expanded (in which case 219 is right in some unit it cannot see). It reports the number and leaves the unit unknown.

Two other routes:

• Daily effort from prep_counts_daily_effort(). That helper hands add_counts() effort the caller has already worked out for each day. There is no instantaneous count left to expand, so the period-length warning does not fire, but the unit is still NA: the caller chose the input column, and the package did not see the multiplication that made it.
• Aerial designs. creel_design() requires h_open for an aerial survey, and estimate_effort() multiplies the count by it, so aerial effort from estimate_effort() is angler-hours. estimate_effort_aerial_glmm() still reports an unknown unit; that is a known defect, open as issue #492.

The interview side

A rate’s denominator is the effort in the interviews. An interview records how long a party fished. That is party-hours. To make it angler-hours, add_interviews() multiplies trip hours by party size, which it does when it is given n_anglers.

with_party <- add_interviews(with_td, example_season_interviews,
  catch = catch_total, effort = hours_fished, harvest = catch_kept,
  trip_status = trip_status, n_anglers = n_anglers
)
#> ℹ 153 interviews have zero catch.
#>   Zero catch is usual; check it is not missing data recorded as 0.
#> ℹ Added 231 interviews: 172 complete (74%), 59 incomplete (26%)
estimate_catch_rate(with_party)
#> ℹ Using complete trips for CPUE estimation
#>   (n=172, 74.5% of 231 interviews) [default]
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Ratio-of-Means CPUE
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Unit: fish/angler-hour
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 5
#>   estimate     se ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1    0.221 0.0415    0.139    0.302   172

Without n_anglers, the same interviews give a rate per party-hour, and add_interviews() warns that it has no party size:

without_party <- add_interviews(with_td, example_season_interviews,
  catch = catch_total, effort = hours_fished, harvest = catch_kept,
  trip_status = trip_status
)
#> Warning: ! No `n_anglers` provided — assuming 1 angler per interview.
#> ℹ Pass `n_anglers = <column>` to use actual party sizes for angler-hour
#>   normalization.
#> ℹ If the interviews really are one angler each, pass `n_anglers = 1` to state
#>   that and silence this warning.
#> ℹ 153 interviews have zero catch.
#>   Zero catch is usual; check it is not missing data recorded as 0.
#> ℹ Added 231 interviews: 172 complete (74%), 59 incomplete (26%)
estimate_catch_rate(without_party)
#> ℹ Using complete trips for CPUE estimation
#>   (n=172, 74.5% of 231 interviews) [default]
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Ratio-of-Means CPUE
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Unit: fish/party-hour
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 5
#>   estimate     se ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1    0.372 0.0652    0.244    0.500   172

The two rates are not interchangeable. The party-hour rate is the angler-hour rate times the effort-weighted mean party size of the complete trips, 1.69 in these data.

Bus-route and ice estimators build effort from the interviews themselves (a sum of each trip’s effort over its inclusion probability), so their effort unit also comes from this side: party-hours without n_anglers. Pope et al. (Chapter 17, unpublished draft) define the bus-route effort estimate the same way, as “estimated total party-hours of effort”.

How units combine

A total is a rate times an effort. Its unit is the product of their units:

\[\frac{\text{fish}}{\text{angler-hour}} \times \text{angler-hours} = \text{fish}\]

That cancels only when the rate’s denominator is the effort’s unit. tidycreel composes the unit from its two inputs rather than writing "fish" on every total, so any other combination comes out NA:

The first two are catches. The second is the bus-route or ice case without n_anglers: effort and rate both come from the interviews, both in party-hours, and the party-hours cancel. Here is the first:

estimate_total_catch(with_party)
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Total Catch (Effort × CPUE)
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Effort target: sampled_days
#> Unit: fish
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 5
#>   estimate    se ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1     674.  152.     374.     973.   172

With the rate per party-hour, the product warns and has no unit:

total_party <- estimate_total_catch(without_party)
#> Warning in estimate_total_catch(without_party): Rate and effort may be in different units.
#> ✖ `n_anglers` was not supplied, so the rate is per party-hour while
#>   count-derived effort is per angler.
#> ℹ The product is correct only if every party is one angler. Pass
#>   `add_interviews(n_anglers = <col>)` to normalise.
total_party
#> 
#> ── Creel Survey Estimates ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Method: Total Catch (Effort × CPUE)
#> Variance: Taylor linearization
#> Confidence level: 95%
#> Effort target: sampled_days
#> 
#> # A tibble: 1 × 5
#>   estimate    se ci_lower ci_upper     n
#>      <dbl> <dbl>    <dbl>    <dbl> <int>
#> 1    1134.  245.     650.    1618.   172
total_party$unit
#> [1] NA

The total is 1,134 instead of 674. Multiplying a rate per party-hour by angler-hours inflates the catch by about the mean party size, which is the error the NA and the warning exist to stop. The 1.68 ratio is close to the rate ratio of 1.69 but not equal to it, because the total is built stratum by stratum.

The same derivation runs wherever a unit is built from another:

• Trips are effort divided by mean trip length, so they inherit the effort’s actor: angler-hours give angler-trips, party-hours give party-trips, and an unknown effort unit gives an unknown trip unit.
• Effort per acre (estimate_effort_per_acre()) appends “/acre” to whatever the effort’s unit is, so an unknown unit stays unknown.

What to do with an NA unit

An NA unit is not an error. The number is still the estimate of something; the package cannot say what. To get a unit:

• give add_counts() the period each count was randomised within, with period_length_col;
• give add_interviews() the party size, with n_anglers.

If your count column already holds angler-hours, the number is right and only the label is missing. The package has no way to be told that, on purpose: a typed unit would be exactly as trustworthy as an axis label, a second place to write the wrong thing.

References

• Pope, K. L., et al. Creel surveys. Chapter 17 (unpublished draft).